Creon The Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay Example For Students

Creon The Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay Creon, The Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Each Greek disaster must have a shocking saint. In Sophocles play, Antigone, the most grievous saint is Creon. He is a basically decent man of high position who invests heavily in his job as lord. He has the terrible imperfections of unnecessary pride and a larger than usual inner self. This causes the lamentable inversion that prompts his passionate ruin and possible regret and apology. As King of Thebes, Creon is compelled to settle on troublesome choices. As another ruler, he feels it is important to substantiate himself to his residents, in this manner he manages his state with a firm hand. He accepts that Polyneices ought not be covered on the grounds that he was a double crosser to his nation and family. Creon realized this choice would be no picnic for certain individuals, however didn't envision how significantly it would influence his niece, Antigone. Since Antigone conflicts with Creons will and law and covers her sibling, she drives him into a position where he again needs to settle on a troublesome choice. He should decide to execute his own relative and maintain the law, or rebuff her less harshly and show that he wasn't right in a past choice. Creons pride doesn't permit him show tolerance toward Antigone, and he egotistically safeguards his choice by expressing, whoever might be the man selected by the city, that man must be obeyed in all things, little or extraordinary, just or crooked (line 608). Creons haughtiness and pride is the sad imperfection that prompts his unavoidable ruin. He doesn't hand down a simply sentence to Antigone since he needs to ensure his picture. He says, in the event that she triumphs and goes unpunished, I am no man she is (line 441). What's more, Creon additionally has a wrong perspective on his place according to the divine beings. He accepts that keeps an eye on laws are a higher priority than the laws of the divine beings. Antigone attempts to shield her choice to cover her sibling by broadcasting, I don't think your decrees have such force that they can supersede the laws of heavenIf I violated these laws since I dreaded the haughtiness of man, how to the divine beings would I be able to make fulfillment (line 408)? Creons hubris makes him feel that he should execute Antigone since she decides to observe the divine beings laws over his. Numerous individuals attempt to caution him and beseech him to rethink. In the first place, Haemon attempts to speak to his dads feeling of reason when he says, The divine beings have given men the endowment of reason, most noteworthy of everything that we call our owndo not feel your statement, and yours alone, must be right (line 625). Creon, in view of his pride, gets angry with his young child for attempting to show him shrewdness, and says, One thing is sure: You are going to pay for provoking and offending me (line 709). Next, Tiresias comes to caution him that he remains upon the verge of ruin (line 918). Be that as it may, Creon will not regard his admonition and blames Tiresias for profiteering. At last, after Tiresiass doomful prediction, the Chorus attempts to change the Kings mind. From the outset Creon opposes the advisement of the tune by expressing To yield is unpleasant. Be that as it may, to oppose and welcome a revile on my pride is no less severe (line 1025). Be that as it may, the Chorus in the long run persuades him to discharge Antigone from the burial chamber in which she is detained. Tragically, Creon understands his hubris and his off-base choice excessively late. He finds that Antigone is as of now dead, and looks as his child ends his own life. .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d , .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d .postImageUrl , .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d , .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d:hover , .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d:visited , .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d:active { border:0!important; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d:active , .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d:hover { mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a3 2e5de597d31d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u29dfd9ec0892431917a32e5de597d31d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Poverty in America Essay As he grieves his misfortune and flounders in blame he gets word from the delegate that his better half, Eurydice, reviled his name as she ended it all. During the time spent going from numbness to information, he loses Antigone, his significant other, and his child. Despite the fact that he can't acquit the disaster that has happened all his enduring lowers him as he expresses, My exercise has been harsh and complete (line 1203). Creon, by definition, is the most disastrous legend in the play Antigone. Creon is a man of high position and he is a basically decent individual, .

Passages in IF I Stay by Gayle Forman

Now and again you settle on decisions throughout everyday life and here and there decisions make you. † At 2:48 A. M. (Page 67) I accept life is about the little choices we make each day. There is a decision you need to make in all that you do. So we should remember that, the decision we make, makes us. Since all things considered, everything Just a matter of decision. â€Å"†¦ Dying is simple. Living is difficult. † At 10:40 P. M. (Page 62) Living is difficult. Living without reason and without somebody who adores you is even harder.And life has a great deal of ups and down. The world is a perilous and unnerving spot. It takes gut to confront the world. It takes a great deal of mental fortitude to represent the world. Possibly it's excessively piercing yet it relies upon one's perspective. Biting the dust is a real existence possibility or a decision. It's anything but difficult to choose whether you need to bite the dust or not. Subsequently I accept this announce ment is valid. â€Å"Life may bring you down various streets. In any case, every one of you gets the opportunity to choose which one to take. † At 4:57 A. M. Page 73) This entry is likewise about settling on a decision. There are various streets we will experience, however at long last, it relies upon our own choice. Life is the best excursion you will be on, so the choices we make can influence our lifestyle. The choices we make in life can make our life. â€Å"People accept what they need to accept. † 4:49 P. M. (Page 29) People accept what they need to accept more often than not. They accept things with no explanation yet they accept periodically without great reason.Lots of individuals have purposes behind what they accept, however when those reasons are refuted they till remain on their perspective. â€Å"Fake it till you make it. † 5:40 P. M. (Page 35) If you don't feel certain, imagine you are until you gain the experience that is in support of genuine. A ct like you are something so you can, indeed, become that thing. In spite of the fact that it may appear power before all else, soon it will get normal. The psyche can be deceived, and you can adjust your life in that little stunt. You will realize what you have to and transform imagine certainty into the genuine article.

Some summer pictures

Some summer pictures Ive been promising for a while that I would post some pictures from Switzerland, so Ill be doing that gradually (I have lots of pictures), mixed in with my other entries. I spent the summer working as a research intern in Lausanne, Switzerland, supported by a research fellowship from the Center for Neuroscience Technology. I consider this MIT-relevant because, even though I found and applied for the internship myself, the fact that I was an MIT student definitely helped me get hired. I arrived in mid-June. I flew to Geneva and then took the train to Lausanne. I lived in a boarding house in downtown Lausanne. There was a lot of construction outside my window. On one of my first days in Lausanne, I visited their Ancient Roman ruins, down by the lakefront. I think this was the remnants of a temple, or maybe a marketplace there was a sign that said, but I dont remember. In modern times, the ruins were kind of swampy in places. I wonder if they were back then as well? Oh right, this was the temple. So I guess the first ruins photo was the marketplace. And this, as you might be able to guess, was burial grounds. After I visited the ruins, I went to the nearby lakefront beach. Thats France across the lake specifically, right near Evian. Another feature in that area is the headquarters of the International Olympic Committee. Lausanne is a very Olympics-oriented city. The IOC is headquartered there, Baron Pierre de Coubertin (who founded the modern Olympic games) is buried there, and the Olympic Museum is there.

Second Industrial Revolution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 973 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Industrial Revolution Essay Did you like this example? The Second Industrial Revolution and World War II drastically changed society on both an economic and societal scale. The revolution was a technological advancement which was a result of increased human intellectualism. The revolution signified the creation of the American urban economy that is in-effect today. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Second Industrial Revolution" essay for you Create order World War II was a time of unity that progressed social equality and sustained the economic growth that began during the Industrial Revolution. A further analysis of the Second Industrial Revolution and World War II will exemplify their impacts on the United States both economically and societally. Although there are distinct differences between the two time periods, World War II and the second Industrial Revolution introduced eras of unprecedented technological and societal advancements. During the Industrial Revolution, national transportation created a link of communication which increased the speed of innovation. This link led to increased food preservation, extended the duration of human life, and brought about a dependable economy that wasnt seen before in America. Connecting previously isolated rural areas with urban areas, the economy transformed into a capitalist industry requiring more technological skill. By the end of this time period, the United States had become the global leader of industrial power and turned itself from an agrarian, self-independent society into an industrial urban economy. Select businessmen arose to extreme money and power. Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J. Pierpont Morgan used business techniques such as creating monopolies and trusts that lead them to dominating Americas economy. These advances allowed the economy to expand in an unstable way. The expansion of factories into corporations eliminated small shop owners making the worker-boss relationship impersonal. This lack of relationship type of labor made it easier for industries to hire unskilled workers vs skilled. Companies began hiring immigrants from Asia and Europe saturating the labor market. Therefore laborers feared their economic status was decreasing. Laborers worked in very poor conditions for long hours and low wages. Laborers began to feel industrialism was another form of slavery. The Knights of Labors was the nations first attempt to unite laborers into one union. They saw inequality amongst them and industrialists. They coined the idea of cooperative commonwealth which was the belief that laborers should own factories and railroads not in a socialist way, but as owners and producers sense. Worker Unions conducted multiple strikes such as the Great Railroad Strike 1877 and the 1892 Homestead Strike. It is important to note the shift in social equality. As people migrated to the urban areas there was a push for racial and gender equality. The Knights were the first to try to organize all workers including women and blacks. Therefor the conflict between laborers and industrialists brought about more social equality. The revolution required a large working class which increased the migration population. There was a huge asian immigrant population. Many americans were not happy of this because they felt like the immigrants crowded the labor force and blamed them for the lowering wages and fear of more immigrants arriving in the future. This resulted to new political policies in the American government. Immigration law excluded specific ethnic groups such as the 1880 Chinese Exclusion Act and later the Gentlemens Agreement Acts of 1917. The Exclusion Act banned future Chinese from immigrating to America and put extreme penalties on people who attempted to do so illegally. The average family during the Industrial Revolution was poorer compared to the average family during WWII. Women and children began to work in factories to provide for their families. Women and children labor were undergoing harsh conditions, and skilled males were receiving low wages equal to unskilled workers. The Lowell Mills Textile Factory was a famous factory known for the harsh working conditions women endured. Even though their areas of occupation were limited, it was the first time in American history women were allowed to join the workforce. The mass production system created during the Industrial Revolution proved to be beneficial during WWII. WWII was considered the good war because of the societal, economic, and political unity. The economy depended more on women since majority of young males were being drafted. Factories that manufactured steel, temporarily turned into factories that manufactured war equipment. The economy boomed because America became a huge international supplier of war equipment. The economy during WWII resulted in keeping the US the top country in the world. The treatment of the japanese population worsened. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Pacific Wars began. A war mentality of, kill the Japs and creation of concentration camps for all Japanese lead to higher prejudice towards Japanese. During WWII, womens field of occupation expanded. They were allowed to go to war zones as nurses to treat the wounded. In fact, women were encouraged to provide this service to their country as proven through the varied propaganda featuring women empowerment. All young men were asked to be drafted into the military, and only one-half of 1% refused. Unlike previous wars, whites over came prejudices toward some ethnic and religious groups. WWII put men in circumstances of extreme vulnerability where they had no choice, but to trust each other. These circumstances exposed men to a much greater range of individuals and groups than most had ever known. Therefore combat platoons allowed men to learn to include Jews, Catholics, and white southerners and reject overtly racist patterns of thought and behavior. Social and economic standards were raised during the Second Industrial Revolution and World War II. The previous agrarian economy was now transformed into an industrialized economy, with production at an all time high. Equality amongst genders gradually improved, expanding into the workplace, with women finding employment in factories. This trend continued into the Second World War as there was a drastic increase of women in the workplace. Ultimately, the second Industrial Revolution introduced ideals that were eventually implemented during World War II.

Communication Skills - 17602 Words

making work Practice-Based Learning Communication SKILLS www.practicebasedlearning.org A resource commissioned by the Making Practice Based Learning Work project, an educational development project funded through FDTL Phase 4 Project Number 174/02 and produced by staff from the University of Ulster. www.practicebasedlearning.org Tara Dixon, Project Manager, University of Ulster Martin O’Hara, Management Consultant Author Aims and Learning Objectives 2 Introduction 3 Section 1: The Communication Process 4 Section 2: Active Listening Skills 10 Section 3: Non-verbal Communication 13 Section 4: Giving Constructive Feedback 18 Section 5: Questioning Skills 23 Section 6: Presentation Skills 28 Appendix 1 33 References 38 Communication Skills†¦show more content†¦Only then can we identify where possible problems can arise and explore skills for enhancing communication and managing such breakdowns. Human beings are not passive, predictable objects who always interpret meanings and react as they are ‘supposed to’. Neither is communication a passive, predictable, one way event. Rather, communication can be viewed as an active process, influenced by all the complexities and ambiguities of human behaviour. It is also fraught with potential points of breakdown. As Clampitt notes, ‘We actively construct meanings within a unique vortex that includes the words used, the context of the utterances, and the people involved.’(2005, p.8) A more accurate way of looking at the process of communication is probably as a dynamic, circuitous process in which elements such as non-verbal behaviour and individual styles of interpreting and ascribing meaning to events have significant influence. Strategies such as constructing a clear, unambiguous message can encourage effective communication, but so too can seeking to understand meanings imposed by the listener via processes such as actively listening to feedback, as we shall see. Many models have been developed to simplify and summarise the complex reality of the communication process and to aid our understanding. Some of these are more helpful than others, but all have their shortcomings. The ‘Typical Communication Model’ developed by Clampitt (2005) demonstrates a number of key elements in theShow MoreRelatedEffective Communication And Communication Skills Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesa team to collaborate, delegate and consult. In order for this team effort to be effective, good communication skills must exist between medical professionals. Many times, messages can be altered and interpreted differently; if the conditions for transmission barriers develop. 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The table below indicates my personal scores in each of those six areas, and following the chart is an in-depth analysis of appropriate, effective, conversationalRead MoreCommunication Skills For Managers : Acceptable Communications Skills791 Words   |  4 PagesCommunicatio n Skills for Managers Acceptable communications skills help reduce the barriers associated with language and cultural differences. Managers avoid cultural confusion and miscommunication by taking diversity training early in their careers. Effective communication increases productivity and helps the department run steady. Managers are responsible for their staff s cohesiveness. Employees have a sense of trust for their manager when they have an open dialogue. 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Results of the randomised studies by Fallowfield (2002,2003) have shown that key communication ski lls can be improved by trainingRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Skills Test On Communication754 Words   |  4 Pages I took the Interpersonal Communication Skills Test on â€Å"Queendom.com†. It seemed relevant to my work as a counselor since I will be communicating with clients on a daily basis. The goal of this test is to determine how effectively someone communicates with others, as well as to offer beneficial advice in order to improve any problems one may have that could slow down the communication process. This test is a valuable instrument for employees in the counseling profession since it is a career of

Account Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Long Term Liabilities Free Essays

Chapter 12 : 1/ As part of the initial investment , a partner contributes office equipment that had cost $20,000 and on which accumulated depreciation of $ 12500 had been recorded . If the partners agree on a valuation of $ 9000 for the equipment , what amount should be debited to the office equipment account? a/ 7500 c/ 12500 b/ 9000 d/ 20000 2/ Chip and Dale agree to form a partnership. Chip is to contribute $50000 in assets and to devote one half time to the partnership. We will write a custom essay sample on Account: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Long Term Liabilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dale is to contribute 20000 and to devote full time to the partnership. How will Chip and Dale share in the division of net income or net loss? a/ 5:2 c/ 1:1 b/ 1:2 d/ 2. 5:1 3/ Tracey and Hepburn invest 100,000 and 50,000 , respectively , in a partnership and agree to a division of net income that provides for an allowance of interest at 10 % on original investments , salary allowances of 12,000 and 24000 , respectively , with the remainder divided equally . What would be Tracey’s share of a net income o 45,000? a/ 22500 c/ 19,000 b/ 22000 d/ 10000 4/ Lee and Stills are partners who share income in the ratio of 2:1 and who have capital balances of 65,000 and 35,000 , respectively . If Morr , with the consent of Stills, acquired one half of lee’s interest for 40,000 for what amount would Morr’s capital account be credited ? a/ 32500 c/ 50,000 b/ 40000 d/ 72,500 5/ Pavin and abdel share gains and losses in the ratio of 2:1 . After selling all assets for cash , dividing the losses on realization , and paying liabilities , the balances in the capital accounts were as follows : Pavin , 10000 Cr , abdel , 2000 Cr. How many of the cash of 12000 would be distributed to Pavin? a/ 2000 c/ 10000 b/ 8000 d/ 12000 chapter 13: 1/ which of the following is a disadvantage of the corporate form of organization? a/ limited liability b/ continuous life c/ owner is separate from management d/ ability to raise capital 2/ paid in capital for a corporation may araise from which of the following sources? a/ issuing preferred stock / issuing common stock c/ selling the corporation’s treasury stock d/ all of the above 3/ the stockholder’s equity section of the balance sheet may include : a/ common stock b/ stock dividends distributable c/ preferred stock d/ all of the above 4/ if a corporation reacquires its own stock , the stock is listed on the balance sheet in the : a/ current assets section b/ long term liabil ities section c/ stockholders’ equity section d/ investments section 5/ a corporation has issued 25000, shares of 100 par common stock and holds 3000 of these shares as treasury of stock . If the corporation declares a 2 per share cash dividend , what amount will be recorded as cash dividends? a/ 22000c/44000 b/ 25000d/ 50000 chapter 15: 1/ If a corpo. Plans to issue 1,000,000 of 12 % bonds of a time when the market rate for similar bonds is 10 % the bonds can be expected to sell at : a/ their face amount b/ a premium a discount d/ a price below their face amount 2/ if the bonds payable account has a balance of 900,000 and the discount on bonds payable account has a balance of 72000 , what is the carrying amount of the bonds? / 828,000 b/ 900,000 c/ 972,000 d/ 580,000 3/ the cash and securities that make up the sinking fund established for the payment of bonds at maturity are classified on the balance sheet as: a/ current assets b/ investments c/ long term liabilities d/ current liabilities 4/ if a firm purchase 150,000 of bonds of x company at 101 plus accrued interests of 2000 and pays brokers commissions of 50 , the amount debited to investment in x company bonds wo uld be : a/ 150,000 b/ 151,550 c/ 153,500 d/ 153,550 / the balance in the discount on bonds payable account would usually be reported in the balance sheet in the : a/ current assets section b/ current liabilities section c/ long term liabilities section d/ investments section chapter 16: 1/ an ex of a cash flow from an operating activity is : a/ receipt of cash from the sale of stock b/ receipt of cash from the sale of bonds c/ payment of cash for dividends d/ receipt of cash from customers on account 2/ an ex of a cash flow from an investing activity is : a/ receipt of cash from the sale of equipment / receipt of cash from the sale of stock c/ payment of cash for dividends d/ payment of cash to acquire treasury stock 3/ an ex of a cash flow from a financing activity is: a/ receipt of cash from customers on account b/ receipt of cash from the sale of equipment c/ payment of cash for dividends d/ payment of cash to acquire land 4/ which of the following methods of reporting cash flow s from operating activities adjust net income for revenues and expenses not involving the receipt or payment of cash? a/ direct method b/ purchase method c/ reciprocal method d/ indirect method / the net income reported on the income statements for the year was 55000 and depreciation of fixed assets for the year was 22000 . The balances of the current assets and current liability accounts at the beginning and end of the year are shown at the top of the following page? / 740 Chapter 17: 1/ what type of analysis is indicated by the following ? a/ vertical analysis b/ horizontal analysis c/ profitability analysis d/ contribution margin analysis 2/ which of the following measures indicates the ability of a firm to pay its current liabilities ? a/ working capital b/ current ratio c/ quick ratio / all of above 3/ the ratio determined by dividing total current assets by total current liabilities is: a/ current ratio b/ working capital ratio c/ bankers’ ratio d/ all of the above 4/ t he ratio of the quick assets to current liabilities , which indicates the â€Å" instant† debt paying ability of a firm , is the : a/ current ratio b/ working capital ratio c/ quick ratio d/ bankers’ ratio 5/ a measure useful in evaluating efficiency in the management of inventories is the: a/ working capital ratio b/ quick ratio c/ number of days’ sale in inventory d/ ratio of fixed assets to long term liabilities How to cite Account: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Long Term Liabilities, Papers

Olaudah Equiano Essays (282 words) - Olaudah Equiano, Equiano

Olaudah Equiano Question: What is Equianos argument against the charge of African inferiority?(Hint: think about Humes criteria for inferiority) Many non-Africans believed that Africans were inferior to other races and cultures. A famous person to have a belief of the inferiority of Africans was David Hume. In fact, Hume wrote a famous essay which included his reasons for African inferiority. Although many people agreed with him, people of African descent obviously did not. One African, Olaudah Equiano, wrote about his experiences with slavery and also spoke against other races, especially whites, negative views toward the African race. David Hume wrote about many ways in which Africans were inferior to other races, and one of his reasons for inferiority was for the Africans lack of arts. Equiano begged to differ. In his writing, Equiano gave examples of how Africans did, actually, have involvemnet with the arts. During a celebration, for example, Equiano wrote of how song and dance played an important role in the celebration. Both song and dance are forms of art. Other races looked down as Africans as unintelligent and unskillful, when in fact many Africans(in their home land) were skillful and intelligent. Equiano spoke of priests and magicians who also acted as doctors and helped people get better if they were ill, as well as advise them if they had a problem. If those African priests and magicians did not have any intelligence, then they would not have the ability to help people as they did. Therefore, Africans did, in fact have intelligence, although they were accused of not having intelligence. In his writing, Equiano proved to the public that Africans were not inferior to other races and he gave valid examples to back up what he had to say. English Essays

South africa- the laws and their effects essays

South africa- the laws and their effects essays In 1948, the National Party was elected with Dr. Daniel Malan as their leader in South Africa. Their policies were based on the Saur Report (1947) which ultimately worked towards full apartheid (apartness) and segregation of the different races. During 1948-1960, many apartheid laws were introduced and these confiscated the rights of all non-whites socially, residentially, politically and educationally. These legislations did not achieve grand apartheid, but with Africans making up 73% of the South African people along with 9% being Coloured and 2.8% being Asians, they had significant negative effects on the vast majority of the population. Naturally, the non-whites decided to take action against the unjust and unfair rules after many years of patience. The resistance took form in many ways, most being peaceful and non-violent, at least until the beginning of 1960s. Once in power, one of the first issues the National Party took to consideration was social segregation. They decided to deal with the closest links of all between the races- sex and marriage. The Afrikaners truly believed in racial purity and that they were God-blessed superior race. The thought of mixing the superior race and the inferior non-whites seemed disgraceful for Malan and Party. Firstly, in 1949, the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act was passed through the government; this made marriages between whites and non-whites illegal. But the effects of this act were not the results the government had in mind, so in 1950 a second, Immorality Act had to be passed reinforcing that all sexual relations outside marriage illegal between Whites and non-Whites. However, loopholes were found again by those who wanted to be together, but were of different race. In 1953, a 25 year old married White man was convicted to a month in jail for kissing an African girl in a parked car withou t lights, in a dark street. The girls...

South africa- the laws and their effects essays

South africa- the laws and their effects essays In 1948, the National Party was elected with Dr. Daniel Malan as their leader in South Africa. Their policies were based on the Saur Report (1947) which ultimately worked towards full apartheid (apartness) and segregation of the different races. During 1948-1960, many apartheid laws were introduced and these confiscated the rights of all non-whites socially, residentially, politically and educationally. These legislations did not achieve grand apartheid, but with Africans making up 73% of the South African people along with 9% being Coloured and 2.8% being Asians, they had significant negative effects on the vast majority of the population. Naturally, the non-whites decided to take action against the unjust and unfair rules after many years of patience. The resistance took form in many ways, most being peaceful and non-violent, at least until the beginning of 1960s. Once in power, one of the first issues the National Party took to consideration was social segregation. They decided to deal with the closest links of all between the races- sex and marriage. The Afrikaners truly believed in racial purity and that they were God-blessed superior race. The thought of mixing the superior race and the inferior non-whites seemed disgraceful for Malan and Party. Firstly, in 1949, the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act was passed through the government; this made marriages between whites and non-whites illegal. But the effects of this act were not the results the government had in mind, so in 1950 a second, Immorality Act had to be passed reinforcing that all sexual relations outside marriage illegal between Whites and non-Whites. However, loopholes were found again by those who wanted to be together, but were of different race. In 1953, a 25 year old married White man was convicted to a month in jail for kissing an African girl in a parked car withou t lights, in a dark street. The girls...

South africa- the laws and their effects essays

South africa- the laws and their effects essays In 1948, the National Party was elected with Dr. Daniel Malan as their leader in South Africa. Their policies were based on the Saur Report (1947) which ultimately worked towards full apartheid (apartness) and segregation of the different races. During 1948-1960, many apartheid laws were introduced and these confiscated the rights of all non-whites socially, residentially, politically and educationally. These legislations did not achieve grand apartheid, but with Africans making up 73% of the South African people along with 9% being Coloured and 2.8% being Asians, they had significant negative effects on the vast majority of the population. Naturally, the non-whites decided to take action against the unjust and unfair rules after many years of patience. The resistance took form in many ways, most being peaceful and non-violent, at least until the beginning of 1960s. Once in power, one of the first issues the National Party took to consideration was social segregation. They decided to deal with the closest links of all between the races- sex and marriage. The Afrikaners truly believed in racial purity and that they were God-blessed superior race. The thought of mixing the superior race and the inferior non-whites seemed disgraceful for Malan and Party. Firstly, in 1949, the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act was passed through the government; this made marriages between whites and non-whites illegal. But the effects of this act were not the results the government had in mind, so in 1950 a second, Immorality Act had to be passed reinforcing that all sexual relations outside marriage illegal between Whites and non-Whites. However, loopholes were found again by those who wanted to be together, but were of different race. In 1953, a 25 year old married White man was convicted to a month in jail for kissing an African girl in a parked car withou t lights, in a dark street. The girls...

The Word Limit in Academic Writing (and How to Stick to It)

The Word Limit in Academic Writing (and How to Stick to It) The Word Limit in Academic Writing (and How to Stick to It) Even the phrase â€Å"word limit† can cause panic among students. For some it’s the challenge of writing enough, while others find it hard to stick within the limit given. In either case, it can lead to spending more time worrying about the length of your paper than the content! And length isnt everything, right? Ahem. But why do college papers come with set word limits? And what should you do to ensure you dont write too much or too little? Why Have a Word Limit? There are two main reasons that academic papers usually come with a word limit: Fairness It’s impossible to grade two papers of vastly different lengths (e.g., 20,000 compared to 2,000 words) on the same scale. The word limit makes sure that everyone taking the same class knows what is expected of them. Communication Skills As well as testing your knowledge, college papers are about communicating clearly and concisely. Setting a word limit forces you to consider what you’re saying more carefully, helping you to develop your writing skills. Sticking to the word limit is, therefore, part of being a good academic, since being a long way over or under could suggest youve misjudged the scope of the essay topic or that you’re having trouble communicating your ideas. How to Stick to the Word Limit Although many colleges give you roughly 10% leeway on the word limit, you should aim for your finished paper to be as close to the suggested word count as possible. If you find yourself writing too much, you can reduce the word count by: Editing out repetition, redundant words and padding phrases Cutting down long or unnecessary quotations Reducing the number of examples or case studies used (if you’ve included several) Using the active voice instead of the passive voice More generally, you should re-read your work and eliminate anything that isn’t directly related to the question you’re answering. As well as helping you stick to the word limit, this will make your work more focused, which could boost your grades. How to Increase Your Word Count If you’re struggling to write enough, the temptation might be to add padding phrases like â€Å"in my opinion† or long block quotations until you hit the minimum word count. But this will simply detract from the clarity of your writing. Instead, the answer is usually to go back over your work and look for things that could be improved with a little additional attention. This might involve: Addressing anything from your essay question that you’ve overlooked Adding illustrative examples to support a point Considering different sources and views on the same issue Using short quotations as evidence for your arguments Moreover, whether you’ve written too much or too little, getting someone else to read your work and offer feedback is a fantastic idea (especially if you ask a professional for help). This will help you to identify areas that could be expanded or cut in the next draft, so eventually you should be able to get your essay to the required length.

Biopsychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biopsychology - Assignment Example Another reason for sleep is that it serves as physiological maintenence. During sleep, muscles and other damaged cellular components use the time to repair and regenerate. Another important feature of sleep physiology is the notion of an internal clock, or our natural circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are observed in almost all living things. This internal clock serves as regulating when to be active and using energy compared when the organism should be resting to conserve energy. The cycle occurs once per day. In particular, the effect can be seen with the impact of the changing between daylight and nighttime. This can be seen by the effects of sleep and light on the secretion of certain neurochemicals and hormones such as melatonin. Sleep occurs in distinct phases, which is characterized by a change in brain wave activity as well as some physiological changes. There are 2 main phases of sleep: non- rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement. Stage 1 is characterized as the light sleep that is predominated by theta waves that lasts between 5-10 minutes. The second stage lasts around 20 minutes and sleep spindles begin to form, which are rapid bursts in brain activity. The third stage is characterized by delta waves and is in between light and heavy sleep. Stage four is deep sleep, which is again characterized by an increase in delta waves. Stage 5 is the deepest stage of sleep and this is where REM occurs. REM stands for rapid eye movement. The most vivid dreaming occurs during this stage of sleep because it is the deepest stage of sleep. REM usually occurs between 4 and 5 times throughout the entire night. The mind is extremely active during this period with levels of neurological activity being similar to that of being awake. Theories show that REM is important in not only maintaining neurological activity, but also for memory processing. Sleep disorders can be caused by a majority of cases and there are a variety of them. Sleep apnea is a disorder in whic h a person physically stops breathing during sleep. Insomnia is where a person cannot fall asleep easily, therefore feels the effects of sleep deprivation. Too little and too much sleep can result in some diseases and conditions. These can range from diabetes to certain types of cancers. Stress One of the most important topics in health psychology, stress is a multidisciplinary topic that goes into not only the cognitive effects of stress, but also the physiological effects of stress. Principally there are two main chemicals, which are mediated in stress responses. Cortisol and norepinephrine release are triggered when a person is experiencing a stressful situation. These chemicals function as a stimulus, which heightens physiological response to handle the incoming threat or danger. Stress has been linked to a multitude of physiological problems. Prolonged stress can lead to sleep deprivation and insomnia, which leads to a host of its own physiological problems. Increases in blood pressure and pulse can lead to heart disease and cancers. Stress can also affect the endocrine system because too much stress leads to over activity in this system, which can lead to certain types of cancers as well as certain types of diabetes. Increased stress can also lead to compromising the immune system, which can make a person more susceptible to developing infection and illnesses. It has also been shown that stress has a physiological

Why Do We Need To Eat Healthy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why Do We Need To Eat Healthy - Essay Example Healthy eating does not in any way mean any sort of diet; it actually refers to the proper intake of healthy foods like meat, vegetables, fruits, and nuts, whole grains etc in balanced proportions. All these will provide us with the required amount of carbohydrates, fats and vitamins and minerals and never induce any health problem when taken moderately. Firstly, there is a need to eat healthy to avoid serious diseases. Regardless of the age, healthy eating habits have a crucial impact on our health. Long standing studies have established a definite link between diet and cardiovascular diseases. Cases of coronary heart disease are on the rise and the cardiovascular morbidity figures are staggering. Studies have made it clear the high amount of fat intake, particularly LDL or low density lipoprotein and triglycerides, increases the chances of developing coronary diseases like atherosclerosis. On the other hand a diet that provides you with a good amount of HDL can help decrease the ch olesterol levels in the body. High fiber grains can help lower chances of heart disease and type 2 diabetes ( F.B Hu and Willet, 2002).Decrease in cholesterol levels itself has a lot of good impact on the body- chances of CVD (cardio vascular diseases) are lowered, blood sugar and hyper tension problems are also controlled. Dietary fat also increases the risk of developing certain types of cancer like breast cancer, esophageal, stomach and prostate cancer and has been supported by animal studies too. Most forms of cancers, have been linked to obesity and lack of proper nutrition and according to the National Cancer Institute, most of these cancer forms are preventable. Immunity is one of the basic tools for survival. Humans are immune to many pathogens simply because of the presence of white blood cells like NK cells in the body, which engulf the antigen and protect the body from harm. In case human did not have this immunity barrier, they would become vulnerable to all diseases and may even die owing to even small and minor infections. The key to a strong immune system is an intake of healthy diet. Colas, pizzas, burgers do not increase immunity in anyway. But intake of healthy foods like vegetables and fruits provides beta-carotene which in turn strengthens the body. In recent studies cancer experts have also found out that healthy eating and strong immunity also prevent development of certain cancers. There are a number of diseases that are caused due to nutritional deficiencies. Nutritional deficiencies occur when proper balanced food is not ingested. Beriberi, pellagra, scurvy, rickets, Ariboflavinosis, Skin diseases, Hypocobalaminemia, Paraesthesia and night blindness are some of the diseases related to vitamin deficiency. Painful chronic Gouty arthritis is another dreadful disease caused by bad eating habits. Deficiency of essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium etc leads to diseases. If proper healthy habits are not developed a person will from health problems Scientific studies have shown that our mental health also depends on dietary factors. Minor depression, major depression, psychotic depression, traumatic disorders, stress disorders, compulsive behaviors, and anxiety are some of the mental problems that haunt a person. Though most of these diseases depend on genetic, biological and psychological factors but studies have determined that foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids ,release serotonins in the brain which in turn elevates mood.

Virgin Atlantic Market Segmentation

Virgin Atlantic Market Segmentation Provide a hypothetical ROMI analysis if Virgin spent an extra  £5m in marketing based on a 25% margin, 10% for costs, against  £500m in sales, what is the break even on the  £5m extra investment, provide the calculations and critical analysis. INTRODUCTION The marketing department is certainly at the heart of any organization, since it is responsible for setting, implementing, and evaluating marketing strategies to meet the customers wants and needs, and to retain customers so as to build profit and sustain the business. Smith and Rapin (2008) stated that marketing success is always driven by a thorough understanding of the market and a set of strong marketing strategies. They have advocated measuring the marketing performances of many companies in recent years. This trend of measuring marketing activities also was noted by McDonald and Mouncey (2009), who observed that increasingly, boards of directors and marketers desire to evaluate market performances to show how marketing boosts shareholder value and whether a firm is accomplishing its marketing objectives. There is a need to understand the business, to develop a framework, and to quantify the performance of marketing objectives and programmes. Furthermore, Ambler (2003) defined the term marketing metrics, which is a measure of the whole businesss marketing performance, and suggested employing a portfolio of metrics to increase the accuracy of the results. Rust et al. (2004) found that a company employing market metrics to forecast future uncertainties and directions has enhanced resource allocation, since better decisions can be made by drawing on lessons from the past. Therefore, measuring marketing performance, a company can improve its marketing efficiency and effectiveness, identify its strengths and weaknesses, establish precise insights between the investment in marketing activities and the financial value that investment generates, and so forth. The purpose of this essay is to develop a practical framework of marketing metrics for Virgin Atlantic Airways to measure its marketing efforts and identify its challenges. The essay begins by (1) presenting the business model for Virgin Atlantic Airways, (2) identifying the correct marketing metrics for Virgin Atlantic and evaluating those, and (3) calculating the marketing performance by computing the return on marketing investment (ROMI) of the campaign spending and a break-even analysis of the airlines new offer. PART I BUSINESS MODEL OF VIRGIN ATLANTIC AIRWAYS Company Overview Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited (Virgin Atlantic) is Britains second largest long-haul international airline. Apart from scheduled services, Virgin Atlantic operates cargo transport services, flies to 31 destinations around the world using 37 aircraft, the average age of which is approximately six years (it has one of youngest fleets worldwide), carries nearly six million passengers each year, and employs nearly 9,000 people currently (Civil Aviation Authority, 2009 a; Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c). Virgin Atlantic is a subsidiary company and the best-known business in the Virgin Group Ltd. (Virgin Group), which possesses a 51% stake of it, with the remainder having been sold to Singapore Airlines so the two airlines could operate together as a strategic partnership (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c). Virgin Atlantic was founded in the U.K. in 1984. Its founder, Richard Branson, was motivated by three problems of the airline industry in that time: flights were expensive, companies lacked innovation, and long-haul flights were monotonous and uncomfortable (Twivy, 1986). Therefore, Richard established Virgin Atlantic and differentiated its brand with other airlines by positioning fun, quality, and innovation as its core brand values. This can be seen from the airlines vision statement: to provide the highest quality innovative service at excellent value for money for all classes of air travellers. Its objective is to fly a profitable airline that people love to fly and where people love to work (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c). Virgin Atlantic is a company setting a new standard for the industry. It was the first to break the cabin hierarchy from a three- to two-class system, to install individual televisions on the seat backs in economy class, to introduce a fully flat sleeping bed in upper class, and to fly using bio-fuel at 30,000 feet (Twivy, 1986 Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c). Its innovative and unique offerings are great contributing factors to its having won many business, customer service, and trade awards worldwide. To sum up, the offers and value that Virgin Atlantic gives were a marked revolution for the airline industry. Business Map The map above is created by summarising from the student information pack, Financial Information Press Kit Full Press Information Kit 2009 at virgin-atlantic.com. (Notice: The customer section indicated above is only concerned with the passenger market). Appendixes A and B describe Virgin Atlantics current strategies and market segmentation. Industry Highlights The airline industry can be classified as either business logistics or passenger. Those that specialize in air-passenger transport can further divided into scheduled and non-scheduled services. In recent years, the low-cost carriers of the scheduled market have grown rapidly, while the high-cost carriers are continually struggling to grow (Manley, 2009). Many airlines offer three flying classes for its passengers-first, business, and economy class-and they set different prices for the different segments. In terms of the consumer, the purchaser may not be the ultimate user of the service, so it is necessary for airlines to recognise the different needs of decision makers and users. Recently, the industry has been suffering during the economy downturn. In such conditions, more companies tend to downgrade their travel policies, so first and business class flights are being decreased sharply (Shaw, 2007). For airlines to maintain their business, they always have to pay for high operating and fixed expenditures (Civil Aviation Authority, 2009 b). Furthermore, economic, political, and legal changes, weather, and changes of fuel prices can have a significant impact on airlines (Manley, 2009). Many airlines attempt to cooperate with other similar airlines to serve more destinations, to be more convenient for customers, and to retain customer by rewarding with frequent flyer miles. (Appendix C describes Detailed Industry Overview) SOWT Analysis SWOT analysis is a tool that illustrates a companys strengths and weaknesses (its internal environment) related to its competitors and what opportunities and threats it faces (its external environment) (Capon, 2009). Virgin Atlantic strengths are its strong brand image, its innovation for setting a new industry standard, its excellent customer service products, its close interactions with its customers (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 a), and its strategic alliances with other quality airlines that offer more destinations (Virgin Atlantic, 2009 c). Its weaknesses are that it is too reliant on Branson (a sharp drop in sales occurred after Bransons death), weak in the economy class-leisure market, and offers only limited destinations. Its opportunities are to target new segments of customers due to the aging of the population, to improve its service quality to become a five-star airline in Skytrax, and to reach more destinations to increase its market share. It is vulnerable  (threats) to losing its customers due to the open-skies agreement (less regulation of flights between the E.U. and the U.S.), to intense pressure from the rapid growth of low-cost carriers, recession, new industrial regulations, terrorist attacks, and soaring oil prices. (Appendix D and Appendix E discuss PESTEL analysis of the airline industry and Competitors analysis for Virgin Atlantic) PART II MARKETING METRICS FOR VIRGIN ATLANTIC AIRWAYS After reviewing of Virgin Atlantic, I would recommend a number of crucial marketing metrics, which can be categorised into the following four performance aspects: financial-related (or shareholder), market-related, brand-related and customer-related. The following paragraphs explain why these were selected and discuss the measurement needs and impacts on the decision-making process of each metrics. Finally, recommendations and limitation of the framework are drawn. Profit is the most important factor for a company to survive. Kerin and Sethuraman (1998) pointed out that marketers always monitor financial performance because increasing earnings and cash flow turnout increases shareholder values made, and all marketing activities are funding by it. Therefore it is need to measure the financial-related performance which at least three metrics can used to monitor Virgins profit and cost how efficiency of Virgin spend and generate profit-return on marketing investment (ROMI), return on sales (or profit margin), and net sales contribution. Firstly, return on marketing investment is the percentage of net profit generated by marketing activities divided by total marketing expenditures. ROMI measures how marketing expenditures contribute to profits and is used to insight into the profitability of Virgins marketing activities. Secondly, return on sales is the net profit as a percentage of the sales revenue, which measures how company efficiency generates profits from sales turnovers and downplays spending, since net profits are equal to sales revenue minus total cost. Virgin Atlantic can use the above metrics to understand itself and the market by comparing these metrics against its key competitors or industries. Other important indictors related to financial performance include sales, gross profits, profit before taxes, and liquidity ratio, which do not require metrics since they can be easily obtained from the companys financial statements. Ambler (2003) observed that managers always concern the financial performance, and ignore other non-financial activities, for instance, sales is driven by customers indeed. Therefore customer is definitely needed to measure. Before marketing department is responsible for attracting and retaining customers-without customers, identifying who target customers are is also important, how they generate profit to Virgin. So, retention and churn, customer profitability, customer lifetime value, and net sales contribution can include. Firstly, retention rate is the percentage of customers a company is able to retaining over time, which also measures customer loyalty, while churn measures the percentage of customers lost. If the retention rate is low, the company has to spend more effort to retain its customers since it costs less than attracting new customers. If it is high, marketers should investigate the profitability of its relationships; to measure this, customer profitability can be emp loyed. Customer profitability is the profitability of customers based on the differences in customer revenue and cost, helps the company identify the most profitable customers. Farris et al (2006) suggest a process to calculating it: sorting customers net profits, grouping customers by the customers profits in 10 deciles, then it can show the distribution of profit generated by each group. Normally, the profitability of the top group is between 150 to 300% (ibid). Fourthly, customer lifetime value is an estimation of the customer value in the number of years the customer is expected to purchase a given product, which measures the worth of a customer as a loyal purchaser of the companys products or services. It is important to be aware that metrics are rough estimations since input data is difficult to predict and may change over time. Fifthly, net sales contribution is the sales generated from a specific segment divided by total sales. It measures how well the segment performed with in all segments and insights which segments contribute the most to sales. The metrics mentioned above are valuable to mangers to identify profitable customers and which marketing programs can be developed to reinforce the customer relationship with them (Davis, 2007). Other important indictors related to customer performance include purchase frequency, average amount per transaction or sales, and the number of customers or new customers from transaction support systems. Market performance and trends directly link to financial result, and are indictors for manger since they would know how potential of the market. No surprising, the measurement of market-related aspects is also needed. The break-even analysis, market share and growth, and category share, can be included. Firstly, break-even analysis is a tool for projecting the use of a new product or service, which measures how many units will be required at a certain price to reach the break-even point. It can show how changes in price affect sales levels or how many years it will take to break even (Paek, 2000). Therefore, if the market size is not big enough, it is probably not to serve. Secondly, market share is the percentage of Virgins shares owned within the whole market which can calculate by the number of customers or sales value. Market growth is similar to market share but shows the percentage increase of this year compared with previous years. Thirdly, category share is the percentage of the number of customers who purchased an item of a specific brand divided by the number of customers who purchased an item under a specific category, measuring the popularity of a brand. Over time, market share, market growth, and category share provides marketers insight about Virgins performance sales against its competitors by monitoring the growth of the company and its competitors and consumer trends within the market, but category share shows more details about category growth, for example, whether customers were acquired from competitors or if total users were gained under the same category. According to McDonald, M. and Mouncey, P. (2009), brand account for at least 20 % of the companys asset, it helps customer to distinguish the company and its product among competitors, so it is indispensable to measure, but the challenges are many approaches available and difficult to qualify. The measurement of brand-related for Virgin can include brand awareness and loyalty, and customer satisfaction. Firstly, Brand Awareness measure the proportion of potential customers and consumers recognised the brand while brand loyalty is measured by usage, how was the frequency customers purchased a brand. Awareness, loyalty top of mind (the first brand in a customer mind within a given category), attitudes (the degree of customer belief towards a given brand) can simultaneously be measured by conducting a survey. Those can insight the brand location in the customers heart which influences customer purchasing behaviours and the sales. More importantly, recognizing consumer and non-consumer g roup is needed since results of them is always different (Gupta Lehmann, 2005). Secondly, customer satisfaction is a rating to measure customers experiences on specific aspects, also measured by a survey. It shows how well of their offers meets customers expectations. However, the selection of survey respondent should be careful, high satisfaction may not mean all the customers are satisfied; some disappointed customers may simply leave from the company to competitors before the company noticed. Measuring marketing metrics is a continuous process, which should be done regularly (Patterson, 2005). Over time, metrics can illustrate the effectiveness of marketing strategies and tactics and market changes. More importantly, the measurement methods of metrics also changes over time; methods currently employed are considered state-of-the-art. Although Virgin can use the above models, still reminding other intangible factors cannot be measured, such as relationships, reputation and trust, culture and values, skills and competencies, knowledge, and processes and systems. These are important because of generating value for a company, and account for the majority of a companys assets (McDonald and Mouncey, 2009). In conclusion, the metrics recommended to asses Virgins marketing outcomes involve the following performances areas: financial-related (or shareholder), market-related, brand-related and customer-related. Working with these metrics Virgin can monitor its revenue and spending, identify and retain the valuable customers, identify the chance expanding its market, insight customer perception towards the brand. PART III MARKETING CAMPAIGN FOR VIRGIN ATLANTIC AIRWAYS Marketing Challenge and Strategy Virgin Atlantic feared that the E.U./U.S. Open Skies Agreement, introduced in March 2008 (Stewart, 2007), would have a negative impact for the future of its market share. Virgin Atlantic may lose part of its customers, since 40% of Virgin Atlantics business class-travel now is between the U.S. and Europe (Foresight, 2008). No doubt Virgin Atlantic needs to retain its customers or to expand into other new markets. According to the World Tourism Organization, the route that serves the most passengers between the U.S. and London airports is between London and New York (ibid.). Virgin Atlantic plans to offer frequent business travellers an exclusive private luxury flight experience, operating a twice daily flight between London and New York, and pricing the ticket at  £1000. Virgin Atlantic also decided to initiate a marketing campaign by using TV commercials and outdoor advisements near the airports to raise Virgin Atlantics brand awareness among business travellers who fly often between New York and London. The target audiences are frequent flight business travellers or upscale leisure passengers (those who fly an average of ten times a year), male, aged 25 to 65, with more than  £50,000 income per year. The following section employs two metrics, the break-even analysis and return on marketing investment, to forecast and measure Virgin Atlantics marketing performance. Assumptions: the objective profit margin for the campaign was expected to be 25 %; the 10% overhead on its sales generated; the extra sales generated by the campaign are  £15 million; the operational and variable cost for flights twice a daily per year is  £24 million; the extra marketing expenditure for the campaign is  £ 2 million; the price of a flight is  £1,000; the average number of flights per consumer is ten per year; the net profit contribution is 24 %; the year of customer loyal and purchasing the tickets 10 times a year is 5 years. Calculation of Break even for new business-classes flights Customer Equity per year= price of flight * average flight times a year =  £1,000 * 10=  £ 10,000 Customer Lifetime equity= Customer Equity per year * period of year remains as a frequent flight business travellers =  £ 10,000*5 = £ 50,000 Customer Lifetime net profit= Customer Lifetime equity * Net profit contribution = £ 50,000 * 0.25= £ 12,500 Number of customers need to Break-even= operational and variable cost for flights twice a day per year / Customer Lifetime net profit = £ 24m /  £12,500 = 1,920 If Virgin Atlantic can have 1,920 frequent flight customers who purchase the flight for 5 years, and 10 times per year, then this project will reach break even points. Calculation of ROMI Campaign profits = assumed profit margin * extra sales generated = 25% * £15 million = £3.75 million However, the campaign was overhead 10% in the  £15 million sales, Extra cost for campaign= overhead percentage * extra sales generated = 10% * £15 million sales = £1.5 million Net profit generated from the campaign = Campaign profits -Extra cost for campaign =  £3.75 million- £1.5 million =  £ 2.25 million. ROMI = (Net Profit generated from the campaign / Campaign cost) *100% = ( £ 2.25 m /  £ 2 m)*100% =112.5 % The result of ROMI is positive which means that marketing spending is deemed. As the extra cost  £ 2 million is needed for the campaign, the break even point will be changed as follows: Calculation of Post-Break even for new business-classes flights with extra cost in marketing. Customer Equity per year= price of flight * average flight times a year =  £1,000 * 10=  £ 10,000 Customer Lifetime equity= Customer Equity per year * period of year remains as a frequent flight business travellers =  £ 10,000*5 = £ 50,000 Customer Lifetime net profit= Customer Lifetime equity * Net profit contribution = £ 50,000 * 0.25= £ 12,500 Total cost for flights twice a day per year = operational and variable cost for flights twice a day per year + extra marketing cost =  £ 24 million + £ 2 million = £ 26 million Number of customers need to Break-even= Total cost for flights twice a day per year / Customer Lifetime net profit = £ 26m /  £12,500 = 2,080 The break-even analysis indicated that Virgin Atlantic will need 2,080 frequent flight customers who will purchase the flight ten times per year for five years to reach the break-even point for the whole new route with the new marketing campaign in play. After reaching 2,080 customers, the company will start to make a profit. The break-even analysis is computed twice to show the different outcomes if extra marketing spending is added. In fact, as the costs increase, the number of customers needed increases as well. Therefore, if the managers believe it is easy to reach the break-even point, the airline is likely to launch this route. As the break-even analysis uses customer lifetime equity for the calculations, it is possible for that the break-even point may fail to be met in the short term, but for long-term outlooks and for retaining customers, it still can be profitable (Dwyer, 1999). The positive ROMI indicates that the activity is healthy. If ROMI is equal to 100%, this means the marketing campaign will break even. To compute the ROMI, the cost is needed, as Amber (2003) mentioned that sales revenues may not increase immediately after advertising begins, and it is difficult to determine whether the costs belong to the marketing department. Furthermore, spending decreases can result in maximizing the ROMI, so balancing expenses with marketing expenses with ROMI is also important (Lenskold, 2004). (3392 words)

Export Strategy Information Document

The aim of this assignment is to demonstrate knowledge of the information and data needed to formulate an export strategy. This will be achieved by way of addressing the following: 1. What is meant by the ‘business and market environment’ of a target market? What kind of information would an exporter need to collect? 2. What is meant by the concepts ‘market segmentation’ and distribution channels’? What kind of information would an exporter need to collect? 3. What are the financial issues, export practicalities and technicalities that an exporter would need to know about to in the context of developing an export strategy?Business and market environment of a target market Exporting is a more difficult business task than importing (Weiss 2008). It is a challenge exacerbated by the global economic recession, remarkable growth and emerging economic might of China and India and the increasing pace of globalisation (Albaum and Duerr 2011). Although technol ogical advances such as the Internet have made it possible for even the smallest businesses to sell their products and services around the world with relative ease (Albaum and Duerr 2011), there is still a need for a clearly thought out export strategy.A nucleus of business activity, this master plan is like a satellite navigation system stating the destination of the business and the route it should take to get there. Weiss (2008) believes exporters need to know as much about target export markets as possible before any business transaction takes place. This information, he argues, should be based on a critical evaluation of the target market and tailored to the relevant product to be exported as part of a ‘market-entry plan including an initial marketing mix’ (Weiss 2008, p101).What he is referring to is essentially a blueprint of the business and market environment of the target market. The importance of understanding the business and market environment of the target market, namely, the political, ‘legal, regulatory, financial and institutional systems’ are critical factors in determining success in the export sector (Commander and Svejnar 2011, p309). This can give crucial insights into the levels of corruption, number of regulations, taxation laws, business licensing and macroeconomic policies (Commander and Svejnar 2011).Although target market studies tend to be product dependent, knowledge of local customers’ culture, hopes, language, predilection, buying capability, and the country’s international standards, state of development, infrastructure, transportation and environmental concerns are important considerations when formulating an export strategy. Furthermore, Commander and Svejnar (2011) stress the significance of indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), human capital and social factors such as health care expenditure and tertiary school enrolment.The inference here is that a more highly educated wor kforce may perform better and reduced costs of any necessary training and healthier workers may take less sick leave. In ensuring that a full picture of the target market is obtained, Cadogan et al. (2012) argue that attention should be paid to data other than from the target market and there needs to be more flexibility in export market oriented behaviour. Kalafsky (2009) believes personal relationships can prove influential in some target markets. For example, ‘face-to-face contact is important in the Chinese market’ (Kalafsky 2009, p47).In an adaptation of Porter’s (1979) Five Forces framework, it could be argued that exporters should take into account rivalry among competitors, threat of potential entry into target market, bargaining power of supplier, negotiating capability of buyers and threats of substitutes. Notwithstanding this, factors such as tariffs and non-tariff regulations, quotas, maturity of market, its structure and rival products are also of si gnificance. In this way a heterogeneous range of perspectives of the business and market environment would give impetus to the export strategy. Market segmentationMarket segmentation is where companies establish ‘segments of demand’, ‘target specific segments’ and ‘develop specific marketing ‘mixes’ for each targeted market segment’ (Hunt and Arnett 2004, p7). According to McDonald and Dunbar (2010, p9) it is an ‘alternative to product differentiation’ – the ‘process of splitting customers, or potential customers, in a market into different groups, or segments’. A crucial factor in McDonald and Dunbar’s (2010) definition is the emphasis on customers, who they are argue, are no longer content to play a secondary role, but are more market savvy and experienced enough to specify exactly what they require.Part of the reason for segmentation is that it can be used to divide large markets creating sectors that cater for geographic such as climate, area and location; demographic and socioeconomic like income, education, job, age, gender; family dimensions and house occupier status; behaviour relating to brand loyalty and psychographic in terms of attitude, lifestyle choices and values. Segmenting in such a way can ensure accurate and precise product and service placing. An important dimension of an export market strategy is to determine the segment of the market the company wishes to target.In this way a company will ascertain the potential buyers of its products in the target market, reasons for buying, situatedness of customers and any salient features. Bloom (2005) has argued that ineffective segmentation may lead to strategic marketing opportunities being overlooked and a firm not benefiting from a tactical campaign. Factors such as the proportion of the segment and its profitability are, therefore, crucial features of a marketing plan. Distribution channelsHow to operate distribution channels is of critical significance to the success or failure of an export business (Madsen, Moen and Hammervold 2012). This means making important judgements in utilising options such as the choice of foreign export firm to assume responsibility for the operation abroad. The locally recruited company would be charged with unearthing sales outlets, establishing its own export management, trading by way of local representatives, locating and using storage facilities and handle as decisions and setting up its own sales branch.The level of responsibility assigned to a distributor or agent is dependent on the number of product rights an exporter holds (Madsen, Moen and Hammervold 2012). This may include marketing roles like pricing and delivery strategies, communication and locating customers. However, it is worth noting that overburdening a distributor with too many tasks could make them less effective. Such is the significant role of the distributor that it is essential that good relations are maintained (Zhang, Cavusgil and Roath 2003). ‘Relationships between exporting firms and other members of the international distribution channelcan significantly impede or enhance performance in export markets’ ( Matear, Gray, Irving 2000, p539). With the likelihood of long distances between exporter and their distribution channel trust between parties will be a central feature of this relationship. Financial issues Financial assistance for exporters and investors may be obtained through government schemes, credit export agencies or other financial institutions. According to UK Trade and Investments (2013), such assistance may be available through insurance policies and guarantees on bank loans.This could also be in the form of bond support, overseas investment insurance, credit insurance and loan guarantees (UK Trade and Investment 2013). Notwithstanding this, due to high default risk and the required level of working capital associated with inte rnational trade export, businesses are more sensitive to financial shocks (Amiti and Weinstein 2011). Furthermore, exporters have a greater need for working-capital than those of domestic operating businesses, because of the longer time constraint experienced in international trade, especially when using the sea as the mode of transport (Amiti and Weinstein 2011).The global economic downturn since 2008 has led to export finance being a main casualty of the European Bank retrenchment and having a high dependency on large amounts for long periods has led to limited financial institutions being able to offer monetary assistance (O'Connell 2012). This undoubtedly have had a significant impact on international business operations, limiting trade opportunities and progression. To increase a business' prospect for successful exporting a systematic approach should be employed (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2008).The assessment of the potential markets (global market opportunity), organi sing for export, acquiring the necessary skills and competences and executing export strategies are of significant importance (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2008). Export practicalities and technicalities A precise understanding of the practicalities for exporting is vital. When exporting within the European Union (EU), for example, these include commercial documents, duties, charging and accounting for VAT, responsibility for trade statistics, sales list and intrastat (Enterprise Europe Network 2013).Even though there may be a slight differentiation when exporting outside the EU, there are necessary considerations such as new export system this permits exporters to make electronic declaration. Export licences is also vital. Johnson and Turner (2010) assert licensing reduces restrictions from the host countries regarding entering foreign markets. Further assistance and information on the practices and technicalities involved in exporting may be obtained from the market access da tabase and International Commerce Terms (Incoterms) (Enterprise Enterprise Network, 2013).

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In the article, â€Å"Smoking Ranks as Most Deadly Reason for Lung Cancer,† Daily Patriot, a newspaper article, says, â€Å"Smoking is associated with about 90 percent of instances of lung cancer, and only about 15 percent of patients in Austria are able to be cured and the remainders average life expectancy is about 16.4 months despite advances in medicine†(ebscohost.com). Lung cancer is a deadly disease, and in some cases it can not always be treated or cured. Also, their skin will look more hydrated. Every time they smoke a cigarette, they dry their skin out more and more. 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